Chartres Cathedral  Encyclopædia Britannica Article

Chartres Cathedral (13th century), France. Famed for its sculpture, stained-glass windows, and ¼ © 1997; AISA, Archivo Iconográfico, Barcelona, España

also called Notre-Dame d'Chartres,  or the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, 

Gothic cathedral located in the town of Chartres, northwestern France. Generally ranked as one of the three chief examples of French architecture (along with Amiens Cathedral and Reims Cathedral), it is noted not only for its architectural innovations but also for its numerous sculptures and its much-celebrated stained glass. The cathedral's association with the Virgin Mary (the supposed veil of the Virgin is kept in the cathedral treasury) made it the destination of pilgrims in the Middle Ages.

The ambulatory of Chartres Cathedral, France. © 1997; AISA, Archivo Iconográfico, Barcelona, España

The oldest parts of the cathedral are its crypt and the west portal, or Royal Portal, which are remnants of a Romanesque church that was mostly destroyed by fire in 1194. The present cathedral was constructed on the foundations of the earlier church and consecrated in 1260. Built of limestone, it stands some 112 feet (34 metres) high and is 427 feet (130 metres) long. In many ways, the cathedral's design resembles those of its contemporaries, especially Laon Cathedral, but it displays innovations with its tall arcades, unusually narrow triforium, and huge clerestory—the massive weight of which required using flying buttresses in an unprecedented manner.

Detail of sculpture in Chartres Cathedral. (Top) Figures from the Old Testament, centre portal of ¼ (Top) Madame Simone Roubier, Paris; (bottom) Giraudon—Art Resource/EB Inc.

The cathedral contains an immense amount of sculpture, particularly figure sculpture, ranging from large column statues to miniatures. As the purpose of the sculptures was to preach and instruct, they mainly depict scenes and figures from the Old and New Testaments.

The so-called “Beautiful Window,” stained glass depicting the Virgin Mary on her ¼ © 1997; AISA, Archivo Iconográfico, Barcelona, España

Chartres Cathedral contains 176 stained-glass windows, the feature for which it may be best known. Like the sculpture, the stained glass was intended to be educational. The five windows of the choir hemicycle (a semicircular arrangement) relate in various ways to the Virgin Mary. The rose window in the north transept portrays figures from the Old Testament. The south transept, which is representative of the New Testament, has a rose window depicting the Apocalypse.

Carved stone figures on the facade of Chartres Cathedral, France. © 1997; AISA, Archivo Iconográfico, Barcelona, España

Several alterations have been made to the cathedral. The northwest tower's distinctive spire, for example, was added in the early 1500s. Chartres emerged with relatively little damage from the political and religious upheavals of the 16th century and sustained less damage than most cathedrals during the French Revolution (1787–99). After a fire damaged the roof in 1836, a series of restorations were carried out during the 19th century. In 1979 Chartres Cathedral was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. During the late 20th century preservation efforts concentrated on protecting the cathedral's stained glass from air pollution damage.